Richard von Krafft-Ebing kimdir -Hayatı - Görüşleri

KRAFFT-EBİNG (Richard VON), alman psikiyatr (Mannheim 1840 - Graz 1902). Strasbourg'ta, sonra Graz'da, son olarak da Viyana'da psikiyatri profesörlüğü yaptı, cinsel sapıklıklar ve kriminoloji konularında incelemeler (Psychopathia sexualis, 1886) yayımladı.




Richard von Krafft-Ebing, mastürbasyon, sadomazoşizm ve şehvet cinayetlerini "cinsel sapıklıklar" olarak tanımladığı 1886 tarihli kitabı Psychopathia Sexualis'de eşcinselliğin kalıtımsal olduğunu iddia etti. Çağdaşı Sigmund Freud, kendini karşıt cinsteki ebeveyn ile özdeşleştirmenin de etkisiyle oluşmuş, "psikoseksüel gelişimdeki çatışmaların bir sonucu" olarak tanımladı. Diğerleri, eşcinselliğin nedenlerini sosyal etkilerde ve anne karnındaki gelişim esansında gerçekleşen fizyolojik olaylarda aradılar. Eşcinselliğin nedenleri, muhtemelen, insanın doğuştan gelen veya doğasından kaynaklanan özellikleri ile çevresel faktörler ya da toplum etkisinin bir bileşimidir.

Krafft-Ebing's principal work is Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie (Sexual Psychopathy: A Clinical-Forensic Study), which was first published in 1886 and expanded in subsequent editions. The last edition from the hand of the author (the twelfth) contained a total of 238 case histories of human sexual behaviour.
This book popularized the terms sadism (derived from the brutal sexual practices depicted in the novels of Marquis de Sade) and masochism (derived from the name of Leopold von Sacher-Masoch), although these terms apparently were in use prior to its publication.[2]
Psychopathia Sexualis is a forensic reference book for psychiatrists, physicians, and judges. Written in an academic style, its introduction noted that, to discourage lay readers, the author had deliberately chosen a scientific term for the title of the book and that he had written parts of it in Latin for the same purpose.
Psychopathia Sexualis was one of the first books about sexual practices that studied homosexuality. It proposed consideration of the mental state of sex criminals in legal judgements of their crimes. During its time, it became the leading medico–legal textual authority on sexual pathology.
The first edition of Psychopathia Sexualis (1886) presented four categories of what Krafft-Ebing called "cerebral neuroses":
paradoxia — sexual desire at the wrong time of life
anesthesia — insufficient sexual desire
hyperesthesia — excessive sexual desire
paraesthesia — misdirected sexual desire (e.g., homosexuality, sexual fetishism, sadism, masochism, and pedophilia)


The first edition of Psychopathia Sexualis (1886), by Dr. Richard von Krafft-Ebing.
Krafft-Ebing considered procreation the purpose of sexual desire and that any form of recreational sex was a perversion of the sex drive. Hence, he concluded that homosexuals suffered a degree of sexual perversion because homosexual practices could not result in procreation. In some cases, homosexual libido was classified as a moral vice induced by the early practice of masturbation.[3] Krafft-Ebing proposed a theory of homosexuality as biologically anomalous and originating in the embryonic and fetal stages of gestation, which evolved into a "sexual inversion" of the brain. In 1901, in an article in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (Yearbook of Sexual Intermediate Stages), he changed the biological term from anomaly to differentiation.
Krafft-Ebbing perceived women as sexually passive, and thus he recorded no sexual case studies of sadistic or fetishistic women.
Krafft-Ebing’s conclusions about homosexuality are now largely forgotten, partly because Sigmund Freud’s theories were more interesting to physicians (who considered homosexuality to be a psychological problem) and partly because he incurred the enmity of the Austrian Catholic Church when he psychologically associated martyrdom (a desire for sanctity) with hysteria and masochism. Moreover, in a footnote added to the 1915 edition of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), Sigmund Freud urged that homosexuals not be segregated from mainstream society.[4]